Which of the following chemicals do you NOT expect to be readily dissolved in water?

The cell can change the pH of its internal compartments using membrane transport proteins that pump protons into or out of a compartment. How many protons should be pumped into an endocytic vesicle that is 10-¹⁵ liters in volume and has a neutral pH in order to change the pH to 5? Avogadro's number is 6 × 10²³. Omit complications such as the membrane potential, buffers, and other cellular components.

The folding of proteins can be considered a simple conversion from the unfolded to the natively folded state. At about 27°C (or 300 K), the free-energy change of folding for a particular protein is measured to be -40 kJ/mole. If the enthalpy change (?H) of folding is -640 kJ/mole, what is the entropy change (?S) of folding for this protein? Write down your answer with the appropriate sign (+ or -) and in kJ/mole/K, e.g. -1000 kJ/mole/K.