To determine the role of mimicry in the behavior of the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus,Greene and colleagues (1987)conducted carefully controlled experiments to correlate appearance and behaviors with the deterrence of predation.What two factors were found important in preventing predation of the tephritid fly by the jumping spiders?
Clayton and colleagues (2003)examined the frequency of host shifts observed among both wing feather and body lice that infect doves.They observed that body lice rarely shift host species,whereas wing feather lice often shift from one species to another.The higher frequency of host shifts observed in wing feather lice is due to the observation that ________.
A) wing feathers containing lice molt frequently, and are frequently used by other hosts to build nests B) body feathers do not come into contact with other hosts as frequently as wing feathers C) the lice that infect wing feathers often move from host to host on a parasitic fly D) doves preen each other's wing feathers at a higher frequency than body feathers
Futuyma and colleagues (1995)demonstrated that host shifts by the herbivorous leaf beetles of the genus Ophraella in feeding on members of the sunflower family are due to the ________.
A) frequency-dependent selection properties among beetle populations B) low mutation rate observed in beetle populations C) need for populations to maintain sufficiently large sizes on a small number of hosts D) availability of genetic variation sufficient for evolutionary change