Tinbergen found that when young herring gull chicks are exposed to a painted stick with a red dot on the end, they give a pecking response. The chick's pecking response is an example of

A) code breaking, where a fixed action pattern is exploited by another species.
B) an instinctual response that is learned by watching other gulls get food from their parents.
C) an adaptation that has likely evolved in response to low food availability in the environment.
D) an innate behavior, which does not require previous experience with the cue to elicit the behavioral response.