Normal Proto-Oncogenes Found in the Human Genome Can Be Activated

Question

Normal proto-oncogenes found in the human genome can be activated to become oncogenes by
A)Somatic mutations that result in higher levels of expression of the gene.
B)Deregulation by retroviral elements.
C)Mutations resulting in structural changes in the protein product of the gene.
D)A,B,and C.
E)None of the above.

Accepted Answer

All three options (somatic mutations that result in higher levels of expression of the gene, deregulation by retroviral elements, mutations resulting in structural changes in the protein product of the gene) can activate proto-oncogenes to become oncogenes. Therefore, the correct answer is D, all of the above.