Question 3
(Essay)
Answer
In both cases, guanine nucleotide exchange of small GTPases is used to alter the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity. Also, the MAPK pathway is used in synapse-to-nucleus signaling as well as the transcription of genes involved in cell fusion. Finally, GPCRs are used for detection of chemicals in the environment by yeast as well as by chemosensory neurons.