Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) are an endangered species. One of the ways that conservationists are working to maintain their numbers is through captive breeding programs in zoos. Typically females are housed alone, and males are transported between zoos to mate with females and produce offspring. In some cases, females produce offspring even though they are not in contact with a male. Which term below BEST describes the production of offspring by female Komodo dragons housed alone in zoos?