As electrons are passed through the system of electron carriers associated with photosystem II,they lose energy.What happens to this energy?

A)It excites electrons of the reaction center of photosystem I.
B)It is lost as heat.
C)It is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient.
D)It is used to phosphorylate NAD⁺ to NADP⁺, the molecule that accepts electrons from photosystem I.
E)It is used to reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH.