Which of the Following is NOT a Formal Part of the Scientific

Question

Which of the following is NOT a formal part of the scientific process?
A) A prediction
B) Assumptions
C) A research question
D) Hypotheses
E) Causality

Accepted Answer

Causality, while often a goal or consideration in scientific research, is not a formal part of the scientific process like forming a research question, making predictions, stating assumptions, or developing hypotheses. The scientific process primarily involves identifying a question or problem, formulating a hypothesis, making predictions based on that hypothesis, and then testing through experimentation or observation. Causality refers to the relationship between cause and effect and is something that may be investigated or inferred within the context of scientific research, but it is not a procedural step like the others listed.