A researcher studied tail-flagging behavior in mule deer. She found that in response to observing a predator, individuals wagged their tail 90% of the time when close kin were nearby but only 10% of the time when only unrelated individuals were nearby. Which of the following explains these observations?
A) Alarm signal hypothesis B) Flash disappearance hypothesis C) Selfish herd hypothesis D) Pursuit-deterrence hypothesis E) Move-on hypothesis