A point mutation in the gene encoding the ? subunit of hemoglobin can lead to sickle-cell anemia. Due to formation of mutant hemoglobin aggregates, red blood cells in affected individuals can adopt a sickle-like shape that interferes with their normal function. Interestingly, individuals carrying this mutation are less vulnerable to malaria infection by Plasmodium falciparum, which replicates inside red blood cells. Accordingly, would you expect the frequency of the mutated hemoglobin allele to be higher in West Africa (A) or in Europe (E)? Write down A or E as your answer.