Toll-Like Receptors are Eukaryotic Membrane Proteins That Bind with Bacterial

Question

Toll-like receptors are eukaryotic membrane proteins that bind with bacterial surface molecules and
A) form channels through which bacterial proteins can enter the eukaryotic cell.
B) cause the cell to phagocytize the bacteria.
C) cause the release of antibiotics to kill the bacteria.
D) cause the release of cytokines that trigger host defenses against the bacteria.
E) activate the complement cascade.

Accepted Answer

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are eukaryotic membrane receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on bacterial surfaces. Upon binding, TLRs activate a signaling cascade that results in the production and release of cytokines, such as interleukins and interferons, which trigger host defenses against the invading bacteria. This response is an essential part of the innate immune system's ability to recognize and respond to infection.