While testing the chemiosmotic theory, researchers prepared "inside-out" vesicles from bacterial cells, mitochondrial internal membranes, and chloroplast thylakoids. In an inside-out vesicle, the F₁ subunit of the proton-ATPase faces outward. Using the figure below, briefly discuss how the use of inside-out vesicles helped to study the relative contributions of the proton gradient (∆pH) and the membrane potential ( $\Delta \Psi$ ) to∆ p.
$\Delta \Psi$ ) to∆ p. " class="answers-bank-image d-block" loading="lazy" >

Question

While testing the chemiosmotic theory, researchers prepared "inside-out" vesicles from bacterial cells, mitochondrial internal membranes, and chloroplast thylakoids. In an inside-out vesicle, the F₁ subunit of the proton-ATPase faces outward. Using the figure below, briefly discuss how the use of inside-out vesicles helped to study the relative contributions of the proton gradient (∆pH) and the membrane potential (

\Delta \Psi

) to∆ p.

While testing the chemiosmotic theory, researchers prepared inside-out vesicles from bacterial cells, mitochondrial internal membranes, and chloroplast thylakoids. In an inside-out vesicle, the F₁ subunit of the proton-ATPase faces outward. Using the figure below, briefly discuss how the use of inside-out vesicles helped to study the relative contributions of the proton gradient (∆pH) and the membrane potential ( <span class=

\Delta \Psi

) to∆ p. " class="answers-bank-image d-block" loading="lazy" >