Cytosolic Reducing Equivalents Enter the Electron Transport Chain By

Question

Cytosolic reducing equivalents enter the electron transport chain by
A) Being carried by malate
B) Being carried by pyruvate
C) Being carried by glycerol-3-phosphate
D) Being carried by ADP
E) A and C are correct

Accepted Answer

Cytosolic reducing equivalents can enter the electron transport chain through shuttle mechanisms. The malate-aspartate shuttle carries reducing equivalents into the mitochondria by converting oxaloacetate to malate, which can then cross the mitochondrial membrane. Similarly, the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle transfers electrons from NADH in the cytosol to FADH2 in the mitochondria.